§ 25.509. Towing loads.
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/us/cfr/t14/s§ 25.509·A research copy — for the controlling text, always check the official state or federal source. Not legal advice.
(a)The towing loads specified in paragraph
(d)of this section must be considered separately. These loads must be applied at the towing fittings and must act parallel to the ground. In addition—
(1)A vertical load factor equal to 1.0 must be considered acting at the center of gravity;
(2)The shock struts and tires must be in their static positions; and
(3)With WT as the design ramp weight, the towing load, FTOW, is—
(i)0.3 WT for WT less than 30,000 pounds;
(ii)(6WT + 450,000)/70 for WT between 30,000 and 100,000 pounds; and
(iii)0.15 WT for WT over 100,000 pounds.
(b)For towing points not on the landing gear but near the plane of symmetry of the airplane, the drag and side tow load components specified for the auxiliary gear apply. For towing points located outboard of the main gear, the drag and side tow load components specified for the main gear apply. Where the specified angle of swivel cannot be reached, the maximum obtainable angle must be used.
(c)The towing loads specified in paragraph
(d)of this section must be reacted as follows:
(1)The side component of the towing load at the main gear must be reacted by a side force at the static ground line of the wheel to which the load is applied.
(2)The towing loads at the auxiliary gear and the drag components of the towing loads at the main gear must be reacted as follows:
(i)A reaction with a maximum value equal to the vertical reaction must be applied at the axle of the wheel to which the load is applied. Enough airplane inertia to achieve equilibrium must be applied.
(ii)The loads must be reacted by airplane inertia.
(d)The prescribed towing loads are as follows: Tow point Position Load Magnitude No. Direction Main gear0.75 FTOW per main gear unit1 2 3 4Forward, parallel to drag axis. Forward, at 30° to drag axis. Aft, parallel to drag axis. Aft, at 30° to drag axis. Auxiliary gearSwiveled forward1.0 FTOW5 6Forward. Aft. Swiveled aft......do7 8Forward. Aft. Swiveled 45° from forward0.5 FTOW9 10Forward, in plane of wheel. Aft, in plane of wheel. Swiveled 45° from aft......do11 12Forward, in plane of wheel. Aft, in plane of wheel. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-23, 35 FR 5673, Apr. 8, 1970]